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May 21, 2005

Talking TABOR

I had the enjoyable experience today of participating in a panel discussion of the Taxpayers Bill of Rights concept, along with state Sen. Jim Bryson R-Franklin, Brian Miller of Tennesseans for Fair Taxation and Dick Williams, the lobbyist for Common Cause and also a volunteer with TFT. The panel discussion was at the 2005 annual meeting of the Tennessee League of Women Voters. Blogger Blake Wylie came and I expect will file a report at some point.

Here's my take on how it went:

Sen. Bryson described his proposal for a Taxpayers Bill of Rights that would limit state government to increasing its spending (from state tax revenue, not federal funds) to the rate of growth of per capita income in the state. Any revenue above that rate of growth would be declared surplus and required to be put into the state's "rainy day" reserve fund until that fund reached 7 percent of the state's budget. Once the reserve fund was maxed at 7 percent, surplus revenue would be returned to the taxpayers, presumably via a tax-rate reduction or direct rebates of some sort. The cap on spending could be exceeded only by a two-thirds vote of the legislature.

Bryson's notion of capping state spending growth to the rate of growth of per capita income is a fiscally sound notion that protects taxpayers against big tax hikes. If the state grows spending faster than per capita income, tax increases are inevitable. By requiring a two-thirds vote to exceed the cap, Bryson's amendment would also, in effect, require a two-thirds vote to raise taxes.

I discussed my research into Colorado's much more extensive Taxpayers Bill of Rights and the wealth of data showing that, since Colorado adopted it, that state's economy has grown much faster than Tennessee's, giving Colorado more revenue to spend even after giving taxpayers more than $3 billion in tax rebates and reductions since 1993.

Miller, of TFT, claimed Colorado's economy has not done well since the state adopted its Taxpayers Bill of Rights (although, according to the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, Colorado's economy grew by 99.9 percent from 1993-2004, while Tennessee's grew by just 67 percent.

In fact, there's a wealth of data showing that Colorado's economy has greatly outperformed Tennessee's in the 12 years since Colorado began limiting the growth of taxes and state spending and Tennessee embarked on a different path that included raising taxes rather than cutting them, and increasing spending faster than the growth rate of the state's economy.

I'll be posting a new white paper here Monday looking at Colorado's Taxpayers Bill of Rights. Here are a few of the facts contained in that report...

Coloradoans' per capita income grew by 63.5 percent from 1993-2004, while Tennessean's per capita income grew by just 56 percent.

From 1993 through 2003, Colorado's gross state product – the measure of the state's total economic output – rose 99.9 percent, according to data compiled by the U.S. Department of Commerce's Bureau of Economic Analysis. Tennessee's rose just 67 percent over the same period. In 993, Tennessee's economy was 28 percent larger than Colorado's. But by 2000 it was just seven percent larger.

From 1993 through 2003, Colorado's total personal income grew 97 percent, compared to 69 percent in Tennessee. That's 28 percentage points difference. Such growth in Tennessee would have added another $22.8 billion to Tennessee's total personal income growth. As that income would have added to economic activity including retail sales, it would have generated additional revenue for Tennessee state government to fund annual spending increases of up to 9.7 percent under the Copeland Cap. By comparison, even with tax increases, Tennessee state government's total spending from state funds increased just 8.1 percent per year from fiscal year 1993 through fiscal year 2003.

Total personal income is an aggregate measure for the state and is one measure of the growth of the overall economy. Because some of that increase reflects growth in population, a better measure of real economic performance is per capita income – and there Tennessee also lags Colorado.

In 1993, Coloradoans' per capita income was $22,054, some $2,770 higher than Tennessee's, but in the 10 years since Colorado began limiting state government's taxing and spending, that income gap has more than doubled.

By 2004, per capita income in Colorado had risen 63.5 percent to $36,063 while in Tennessee it had risen just 55.6 percent to $30,005.

By 2004, Tennesseans' per capita income now lags that of Coloradoans by $6,058. In the 10 years since Colorado began limiting state government's taxing and spending, the average Coloradoan's income has risen by $3,288 more than the average Tennessean's income.

From 1993 through 2003, the number of total jobs rose 17 percent in Tennessee, but 30 percent in Colorado.

From 1993 through 2003 the number of payroll jobs rose 14 percent in Tennessee but 27 percent in Colorado.

From 1993 through 2003 the number of people employed in their own business rose 33 percent in Tennessee but 45 percent in Colorado.

From 1993 through 2003, the total personal income in Tennessee rose 69 percent, from $99 billion to $167.4 billion, but total personal income in Colorado rose 97 percent, from $79.6 billion to $157.1 billion. Colorado's total personal income is closing in on Tennessee's even though there are 1.3 million fewer people in Colorado.

As a result of Colorado's faster economic growth, per capita tax collections in Colorado rose faster than in Tennessee - despite Tennessee's increasing taxes and Colorado's cutting taxes.

Colorado's per capita tax collections rose 44 percent from 1993 to 2004, up from $1,063 in taxes per capita in 1993 to $1,532 in 2004.
over the same period.

Tennessee's per capita tax collections rose 45 percent from 1993 to 2004, up from $1,115 in taxes per capita in 1993 to $1,616 in 2004.

Colorado increased total state spending by 155 percent from 1993 to 2003 - while cutting taxes by about $3 billion over that same period. During those same years, Tennessee increased spending by 114 percent while passing tax increases of more than $1 billion.

Tennessee's legislature raised taxes multiple times between 1993 and 2003 in order to be able to spend more, but Colorado was able to increase spending about as fast by taxing less.

That's the secret of the Taxpayers Bill of Rights: By restraining government growth it allows the economy to flourish - and when the economy flourish, both the people and the government have more money to spend, not less.

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Comments

Bryson's bill, or at least what I have seen of it, in the past has relied on CPI-U for its limitation, rather than per-capita income (as on this).. I take it that has changed then?

Also, some other numbers on Colorado's state of affairs since the TEL legislation in 1992, for the benefit of your readers:

After 12 years of TABOR, Colorado has among the nation’s poorest-funded — and poorest-performing — public services. For example, Colorado ranks 47th in K-12 education funding as a share of state income. The ratio of teacher salaries to average private-sector earnings is lower in Colorado than any other state. Child immunization rates are also lowest in the nation. More poor children lack health insurance in Colorado than in all but five other states, and three-quarters of Colorado pediatricians won’t treat Medicaid patients because reimbursement rates are so low. High school graduation rates, support for public colleges and universities, and access to prenatal care all have fallen since 1992.

Just since 2001, as a result of the formula (combined with the ratchet effect described in the box on the previous page), Colorado policymakers have been forced to make $1 billion in spending cuts. Unlike in other states, TABOR’s limit will not allow those services to be restored; in fiscal year 2006 Colorado is scheduled to refund $459 million to taxpayers while being required to cut an additional $263 million out of its budget.

Source: CBPP

Posted by: Chris Wage at May 22, 2005 12:03 AM

Chris, Bryson is changing it to per capita income, which will allow for a higher growth rate. Also, his bill will address the ratchet issue.

By the way, I'm always suspicious of those rankings of state spending on various programs. The Goldwater Institute recently found that no less than 12 states claim to be 49th in education funding.

But one thing we do know is Tennessee is first in spending on providing free healthcare to its citizens, especially to children.

All a TABOR cap does is set some limits on how fast spending can grow, forcing legislators to work harder on prioritizing and cutting waste.

And Bryson's plan to have surplus revenue saved in a large rainy day fund makes great fiscal sense. Having a large reserve fund would mean tax increases would be less likely during economic slowdowns when revenue doesn't grow as fast.

And raising taxes during a recession is the worst time to do it - worst for the economy and worst for the people.

Most everything liberals don't like about Colorado's TABOR are not in Bryson's proposed TABOR for Tennessee.

Colorado's applies to local governments, Bryson's would not. Colorado's covers growth in municipal debt, Bryson's would not. Colorado's allows the people to vote on tax increases, Bryson's would not.

I'm a fan of Colorado's TABOR - as are most Coloradans - but I know it would never get through the legislature here and we don't have the initiative/referendum process to bypass the legislature like Coloradoans do.

Given that, Bryson's proposal is probably the best we're going to get here, and isn't much of a threat to the liberal dream of larger and larger and larger government and higher and higher and higher taxes.

In fact, by restraining spending growth, the economy will grow faster and government will have more money to spend, not less. That has been the case in Colorado.

The proof of that is Colorado's per-capita tax collections rose just as fast as Tennessee's from 1993-2003, yet they cut taxes while Tennessee raised taxes.

Per capita income soared in Colorado since 1993, when TABOR went into effect, growing 8 percentage points faster than in Tennessee over the same period.

THe result is that, in 1993, Coloradans made $2,770 more than Tennesseans, per capita, but by 2003 they made $6,058 more per capita.

Higher per capita income means more tax revenue.

And under Bryson's measure, tying spending growth to per capita income growth would mean Tennessee would be allowed to spend that additional revenue.

Restraining taxes and spending boosts the economy, which boosts revenue.

liberals who oppose TABOR are for higher taxes, period. Because if you don't restrain the growth of spending to the rate of growth of per capita income, tax increases are inevitable.

Posted by: Bill Hobbs at May 22, 2005 08:12 AM

I remember being shocked to read in an issue of Imprimis that countries that have implemented supply-side economic policies ALWAYS have ballooning spending on social services--in sum, the Laffer Curve enables gov'ts to spend lavishly. The Left just has a problem with placing a high value on property rights and TABoR simply codifies the principle that "it's our money."

Posted by: Ned W at May 22, 2005 07:17 PM

Bill, I too had an enjoyable time on Saturday, but I must say you're talking apples and oranges by comparing Colorado to Tennessee.

Colorado is a Mountain state with an income tax and a much better education system (which while being weakened by TABOR is still superior to Tennessee's). Tennessee of course is a Southern state without an income tax and a severely underfunded school system. To try and compare the growth between the two and use that as evidence of TABOR's success is just plain bad analysis.

A more accurate and honest analysis would compare Colorado to other Mountain states with similar economies. By that measure, Colorado has not done better since TABOR, they have done worse.

In the 12 years prior to TABOR, job growth in Colorado matched other Mountain states at 2.1%. In the 12 years after TABOR, job growth in Colorado lagged behind other Mountain states... 2.5% vs. 2.7%. Since 2001 things have gotten even worse with Colorado now the only Mountain state to actually lose jobs.

Clearly, with an honest assessments (comparing Colorado to other Mountain states), there is no evidence that TABOR has made Colorado's economy stronger. If anything, the evidence points in the other direction.

Posted by: Brian Miller at May 23, 2005 10:05 AM

Brian, I never said TABOR made Colorado's economy stronger than its neighbors. I simply pointed out that, since adopting TABOR, Colorado's economy has vastly outperformed Tennessee's, which began exceeding its own constitutional spending cap at about the same time. And while Colorado restrained taxes and spending, and gave out more than $3 billion in tax cuts, its per-capita tax collections actually grew at virtually the same rate as per-capita tax collections in Tennessee, which was busy RAISING tax rates and growing spending faster than its growth cap at the same time. Ironically, by about $3 billion.

Now, how could Colorado cut taxes and yet see its revenue per capita RISE the same as Tennessee's even though Tennessee was raising taxes? Their economy grew faster than Tennessee's.

Simple enough concept to understand.

Bottom line is, Colorado's economy grew faster with an effective tax/spending cap than Tennessee's grew without one.

Also, your assertion that Colorado isn't a fair comparison because they have an income tax is, well, silly. The Taxpayers Bill of Rights is neutral on the question of what kind of tax code we should have, and works with any tax code.

Also, one area I still need to explore is local tax rates. You have to remember that the $3 billion in tax cuts in Colorado under TABOR is just the STATE LEVEL tax reductions. Their TABOR also governs local and county governments, many of which also have had to return surpluses (effectively, a tax cut), over the years. An interesting dynamic that an economist should explore is just how much added economic growth and state revenue was generated by all those tax reductions at the local level.

Also, you can't argue from facts that TABOR is weakening Colorado's education system. Amendment 23 essentially exempted K-12 from TABOR, and increased funding for K-12 by $11 billion over 10 years.

Posted by: Bill Hobbs at May 23, 2005 01:37 PM
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